Types of Spondylosis

Spondylosis can affect different regions of the spine, each presenting unique challenges. The most common form is cervical spondylosis, which affects the neck (cervical spine) and can cause neck pain, stiffness, and discomfort radiating to the shoulders or arms. Lumbar spondylosis affects the lower back and is a common cause of low back pain and reduced mobility. Thoracic spondylosis, though less frequent, affects the mid-back and may cause stiffness or pain in the upper back.

Because each type affects different spinal regions, treatment plans are tailored to address the specific symptoms and severity involved.

• Cervical Spondylosis: Degeneration in the cervical spine can cause neck, shoulder, and arm pain. It may result in weakness, numbness, tingling in the arms or legs, and loss of fine motor skills. Severe cases can cause cervical myelopathy, leading to weakness and impaired motor function. Cervical radiculopathy can also occur when nerve compression causes pain or tingling that radiates down the arms.

• Thoracic Spondylosis: Degeneration in the thoracic spine may cause pain in the chest and upper abdomen, with possible weakness, numbness, or tingling in the legs.

• Lumbar Spondylosis: Degeneration in the lumbar spine may cause pain in the back, buttocks, or legs, as well as numbness and muscle weakness worsened by bending, lifting, twisting, or sitting. In severe cases, nerve compression can cause loss of bladder or bowel control.

A common symptom across all types is pain triggered by sudden movements such as sneezing, coughing, or twisting unexpectedly.

Symptoms of Spondylosis

Symptoms can range from mild discomfort to severe pain, depending on which part of the spine is affected and how advanced the degeneration is. Common symptoms include:

• Neck, shoulder, or back pain

• Stiffness and reduced flexibility

• Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms or legs

• Leg pain or sciatica (in lumbar spondylosis)

• Muscle weakness or difficulty walking

• Headaches, dizziness, or vertigo (in cervical spondylosis)

If symptoms worsen or begin to interfere with daily life, it’s important to seek medical attention, as untreated spondylosis can lead to increasing pain and disability.

What Causes Spondylosis?

The human spine consists of 24 vertebrae connected by facet joints and cushioned by intervertebral discs. These discs act as shock absorbers, allowing flexibility and movement.

As the body ages, the discs dry out, lose elasticity, and thin. This puts additional stress on the facet joints and supporting ligaments, causing the vertebrae to shift or rub against each other. Over time, friction between bones can lead to bone spurs and disc herniation. These changes may narrow the spinal canal (spinal stenosis), compressing nerves and causing pain or neurological symptoms.

Factors that contribute to spondylosis include:

• Genetic predisposition

• Chronic obesity

• Sedentary lifestyle

• Previous spinal injury or trauma

• History of spinal surgery

A spine specialist can confirm a diagnosis using physical exams and imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs to assess degenerative changes and nerve involvement.

Risk Factors and Lifestyle Changes

The most significant risk factor for spondylosis is age. Everyday wear and tear on the spine leads to gradual degeneration of spinal discs and joints. Genetics, neck injury history, repetitive movements, obesity, and smoking also increase risk.

Certain lifestyle habits can help slow the progression of spinal degeneration and reduce symptoms:

• Maintain a healthy weight to reduce spinal strain

• Stay active with low-impact exercises such as yoga, Pilates, or walking

• Practice good posture

• Take regular breaks from sitting or screen use

• Avoid activities that place excessive stress on the neck or back

How Spondylosis Is Diagnosed

Diagnosis typically includes a physical exam and imaging tests.

During the exam, your doctor will ask about your symptoms, test your reflexes, and assess your range of motion. Imaging such as CT scans, MRI, and X-rays can help identify bone spurs, nerve impingement, or other structural changes.

Spondylosis Treatment

Treatment options depend on the severity and location of the degeneration. Most patients begin with conservative approaches before considering surgery.

Conservative Treatments:

• Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen)

• Prescription medications, including corticosteroids, muscle relaxants, or nerve pain medications

• Physical therapy to strengthen supporting muscles and improve flexibility

• Activity modification and ergonomic adjustments

• Steroid injections for inflammation relief

Surgical Treatments:

If conservative treatments fail, surgery may be recommended to relieve nerve compression or stabilize the spine. Procedures such as anterior cervical discectomy, spinal fusion, or minimally invasive decompression aim to restore mobility and reduce pain.

Self-Care and Alternative Therapies

Self-care and complementary therapies can support medical treatment. Regular exercise, stretching, and proper posture can help maintain flexibility. Some patients find relief from acupuncture, massage, or chiropractic care. Always consult your physician before starting any new therapy to ensure it aligns with your treatment plan.

Schedule an appointment with our spine specialists today to learn more about your options for diagnosing and treating spondylosis.