Anatomy and Function of the Finger

The finger is a complex part of the hand, made up of three phalanges, or finger bones, in each finger, while the thumb contains two. These bones are connected by joints that allow for a wide range of motion, enabling everyday tasks like gripping, pinching, and manipulating objects with precision. Smooth movement between these bones is essential for hand function, and any disruption, such as a finger fracture, can cause pain, swelling, and loss of mobility. When a fracture occurs, the alignment and function of the finger are compromised, making it difficult to use the hand effectively. Understanding the anatomy and function of the finger helps illustrate the impact of fractures and the importance of proper treatment to restore movement and relieve pain.

What Is a Finger Fracture (Broken Finger)?

A finger fracture, or broken finger, is a break in one or more finger bones. These bones are called “phalanges,” and each individual bone is called a “phalanx.” There are three phalanges in each finger and two in the thumb. A broken finger is a type of broken bone, and the terms are often used interchangeably.

When functioning normally, the phalanges allow for specialized motions such as grasping and manipulating objects. A fracture can be very painful and interrupt daily activities. It can also affect surrounding parts of the hand, leading to stiffness and pain. In severe cases, a fracture may cause a visible deformity, where the finger appears misshapen or abnormally positioned.

It may be difficult to tell whether you’ve jammed your finger or fractured it. Distal phalanx fractures can occur at the fingertip. Mallet finger is a specific injury at the tip involving the extensor tendon, which affects your ability to straighten the finger.

Learn about symptoms, causes, and treatment below. Schedule an appointment with the experts from the Resurgens Hand and Wrist Center.

What Causes a Broken Finger?

A finger fracture usually results from a direct blow to the hand. Since the hands are frequently used, they are at higher risk of injury. A broken finger might occur while breaking a fall, catching an object, or jamming your finger in a door. Hand injuries are among the most common workplace injuries in the U.S. Additionally, a fast-moving object, such as a baseball or other projectile, can cause a finger fracture.

There are two main types of finger fractures. In one, the bones fracture but remain stable. In the other, the bones shift out of position (displaced or unstable). A displaced fracture is more painful and typically requires advanced treatment or surgery to restore alignment and stability.

You may be more at risk for finger fractures if your occupation involves power tools or if you play sports or live an active lifestyle. Health conditions such as osteoporosis or malnutrition can also increase fracture risk.

Symptoms of a Broken Finger

It can be difficult to distinguish between a jammed finger and a fracture. Common signs of a broken finger include:

• Pain or sharp pain

• Swelling

• Bruising

• Tenderness

• Numbness

• Limited range of motion

• Finger bent out of its normal position

Swelling may continue after the initial injury and can cause stiffness or numbness if nerves are compressed.

Broken finger symptoms vary in severity. With a stable fracture, you may still be able to move the finger with mild discomfort. A displaced fracture is more painful and harder to move. A visibly deformed or misshapen finger is a sign of a severe injury that needs immediate attention.

A fingertip (distal phalanx) fracture may cause swelling, bruising of the finger pad, and purplish blood beneath the fingernail.

How Is a Finger Fracture Diagnosed?

To diagnose a finger fracture, your doctor will discuss your medical history and perform a physical exam. You may experience pain during the exam as the doctor checks your range of motion and identifies problem areas.

X-rays are essential for determining the type, stability, and location of the fracture. They help identify whether it’s a nondisplaced fracture, where the bones remain aligned, or a displaced fracture. In more complex cases, your doctor may consult with a Resurgens hand surgeon.

If your injury is severe, seek immediate care at the hospital emergency department. Follow-up appointments are important to monitor healing, evaluate alignment, and prevent complications after treatment.

Treatment for a Finger Fracture (Broken Finger)

No two fractures are the same, and treatment will vary depending on severity. Seeking medical care ensures proper healing and restored hand function.

Most finger fractures can be treated without surgery using splints or by buddy taping two fingers together for stability. In emergencies, a popsicle stick can serve as a temporary splint. However, complex or unstable fractures may require surgery.

Your doctor will discuss your options and create a plan tailored to your needs. Early movement and physical therapy are key during recovery to avoid stiffness and ensure proper healing.

Healing and Recovery

Recovery from a finger fracture typically takes several weeks to a few months. The exact timeframe depends on the fracture type, treatment, and your overall health. Following your doctor’s instructions is crucial to ensure proper healing and avoid complications.

Physical therapy often plays an important role, helping restore range of motion and prevent stiffness. A hand therapist can guide exercises to rebuild strength and flexibility, reducing the risk of arthritis or permanent stiffness. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to stabilize the bone and promote healing.

Adhering to your treatment plan and attending follow-up appointments ensures the best recovery and return to normal function.

Preventing Future Injuries

To prevent finger injuries and fractures, wear protective gloves during high-risk activities and use proper techniques when handling tools or equipment. Athletes should use recommended safety gear.

Maintaining strong, healthy bones with adequate vitamin D and calcium also supports bone strength. Avoid repetitive strain, such as prolonged typing or use of vibrating tools, to protect hand and finger health.

Complications and Long-Term Effects

Untreated or improperly managed fractures can lead to arthritis, permanent stiffness, and limited motion. Severe fractures can cause nerve damage, resulting in ongoing pain, numbness, or tingling.

Prompt medical attention is essential if pain, swelling, or deformity persists. Early and proper treatment helps prevent long-term issues and ensures your finger heals correctly, allowing you to regain full use and avoid chronic pain.

If you’re experiencing symptoms of a broken finger, schedule an appointment with a hand and wrist specialist at Resurgens Orthopaedics today.